Removing sulfur contaminants from water using a silicone-based chemical filter

ABSTRACT

Sulfur contaminants, such as elemental sulfur (S8), hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur components in water are removed using a silicone-based chemical filter. In one embodiment, a silicone-based chemical filter includes a membrane having a cross-linked silicone that is a reaction product of an olefin and a polyhydrosiloxane.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application is a divisional application of pending U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/010,995, filed Jan. 21, 2011, entitled“SILICONE-BASED CHEMICAL FILTER AND SILICONE-BASED CHEMICAL BATH FORREMOVING SULFUR CONTAMINANTS”, which is hereby incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

The present invention relates in general to the field of contaminantremoval. More particularly, the present invention relates to removingsulfur contaminants, especially elemental sulfur (S₈), hydrogen sulfide,and other sulfur components, in water using a silicone-based chemicalfilter.

2. Background Art

Acid-bearing gases in air (e.g., the air within a data center) can leadto a greater incidence of corrosion-induced hardware failures incomputer systems and other electronic devices. This problem isespecially prone to occur in industrialized countries. Sulfur components(e.g., elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and/or sulfur oxides) in theair are particularly troublesome gases. It has been demonstrated thatthe most aggressive of these sulfur-bearing gases is elemental sulfur(S₈).

Corrosion of metal conductors caused by sulfur components in the air isespecially severe when one or more of the metal conductors is/are asilver-containing metal. Such silver-containing metal conductors arefrequently used in electronic devices to electrically connect electroniccomponents. Examples include the silver layer of gate resistors,described below, and many lead-free solders (e.g., Sn—Ag—Cu solder).

A data center is a facility used to house numerous computer systems andvarious associated systems, such as data storage systems andtelecommunications systems. Data centers typically includeredundant/backup power supplies, redundant data communicationsconnections, environmental controls (e.g., HVAC, fire suppression, andthe like) and security systems. Data centers are also known as “serverfarms” due to the large number of computer systems (e.g., servers)typically housed within these facilities.

Typically, the environment of a data center is not monitored for thespecific nature of gaseous components. This leaves three options: 1)assume that the data center is relatively clean (i.e., the data centerenvironment is MFG Class I or MFG Class II); 2) harden the electroniccomponents of the computer systems and the various associated systemshoused in the data center; or 3) filter or scrub the incoming air to thedata center. The first option (option 1) leaves at risk the computersystems and the various associated systems housed within the datacenter. The second option (option 2) drives additional cost (via thepurchase of hardened components or use of conformal coatings whichprovide some level of protection). The third option (option 3) isproblematic using current filtering and scrubbing techniques becauseremoving sulfur-bearing gasses in air while letting the remaining gassespass is very difficult.

With regard to hardening solutions, it is known to cover metalconductors with a conformal coating to protect the metal conductors fromcorrosion. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,972,249 B2, entitled “Use ofNitrides for Flip-Chip Encapsulation”, issued Dec. 6, 2005 to Akram etal., discloses a semiconductor flip-chip that is sealed with a siliconnitride layer on an active surface of the flip-chip. U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/696,328, entitled “Anti-Corrosion ConformalCoating for Metal Conductors Electrically Connecting an ElectronicComponent”, filed Jan. 29, 2010 by Boday et al., discloses a conformalcoating that comprises a polymer into which a phosphine compound isimpregnated and/or covalently bonded. The phosphine compound in thepolymer reacts with any corrosion inducing sulfur component in the airand prevents the sulfur component from reacting with the underlyingmetal conductors. However, as mentioned above, a key disadvantage withsuch hardening solutions is cost.

With regard to filtering and scrubbing solutions, it is known to removesulfur-bearing gasses in air using polymer membranes that incorporatefunctional groups such as amines or phosphines. However, theconcentration of the functional group in the polymer membrane iscommonly very low (typically, less than 0.1 mole percent) and thefunctional group will quickly saturate, thus limiting the amount ofunwanted gas that can be removed. As the concentration of the functionalgroup in the polymer membrane is increased, the integrity of themembrane suffers greatly. Similarly, polymers that contain a sulfurchelating molecule can no longer absorb sulfur-bearing gases once thesulfur chelating molecule chelates.

As mentioned above, the problem of corrosion caused by sulfur components(e.g., elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and/or sulfur oxides) in theair is especially severe when one or more of the metal conductors thatelectrically connect an electronic component is/are a silver-containingmetal. For example, each of the gate resistors of a resistor networkarray typically utilizes a silver layer at each of the gate resistor'sterminations. Gate resistors are also referred to as “chip resistors” or“silver chip resistors”. Typically, gate resistors are coated with aglass overcoat for corrosion protection. Also for corrosion protection,it is known to encapsulate gate resistors in a resistor network array byapplying a coating of a conventional room temperature-vulcanizable (RTV)silicone rubber composition over the entire printed circuit board onwhich the resistor network array is mounted. However, the glass overcoatand conventional RTV silicone rubber compositions fail to prevent orretard sulfur components in the air from reaching the silver layer ingate resistors. Hence, any sulfur components in the air will react withthe silver layer in the gate resistor to form silver sulfide. Thissilver sulfide formation often causes the gate resistor to fail, i.e.,the formation of silver sulfide, which is electrically non-conductive,produces an electrical open at one or more of the gate resistor'sterminations.

FIG. 1 illustrates, in an exploded view, an example of a conventionalgate resistor 100 of a resistor network array. A resistor element 102 ismounted to a substrate 104, such as a ceramic substrate. The gateresistor 100 includes two termination structures 110, each typicallycomprising an inner Ag (silver) layer 112, a protective Ni (nickel)barrier layer 114, and an outer solder termination layer 116. Typically,for corrosion protection, the gate resistor 100 is coated with a glassovercoat 120. Additionally, for corrosion protection, a coating (notshown) of a conventional RTV silicone rubber composition may encapsulatethe gate resistor 100. As noted above, it is known to encapsulate gateresistors in a resistor network array mounted on a printed circuit boardby applying a coating of a conventional RTV silicone rubber compositionover the entire board. However, as noted above, the glass overcoat 120and conventional RTV silicone rubber compositions fail to prevent orretard sulfur components in the air from reaching the inner silver layer112. Hence, any sulfur components in the air will react with the innersilver layer 112 to form silver sulfide 202 (shown in FIG. 2). FIG. 2illustrates, in a sectional view, the conventional gate resistor 100shown in FIG. 1, but which has failed due to exposure to sulfur-bearinggases. The silver sulfide formation 202 (often referred to as silversulfide “whiskers”) produces an electrical open at one or more of thegate resistor's terminations 110 because silver sulfide is an electricalnon-conductor and, thereby, results in failure of the gate resistor 100.

The use of silver as an electrical conductor for electrically connectingelectronic components is increasing because silver has the highestelectrical conductivity of all metals, even higher than copper. Inaddition, the concentration of sulfur components in the air isunfortunately increasing as well. Hence, the problem of corrosion causedby sulfur components in the air is expected to grow with the increaseduse of silver as an electrical conductor for electrically connectingelectronic components and the increased concentration of sulfurcomponents in the air.

The removal of sulfur contaminants in gases and liquids is necessary, orat least desirable, in many industries. For example, acidic sulfur gasesmust be removed from natural gas in natural gas processing. Refinery gastreatment typically includes sulfur reduction or removal. Sulfurreduction is typically necessary in the production of natural gasliquids (NGLs), diesel fuel and gasoline. Likewise, it is desirable toremove sulfur from well water. Current techniques used in theseindustries for the removal of sulfur contaminants are costly andinefficient.

Therefore, a need exists for an enhanced mechanism for removing sulfurcontaminants, especially sulfur-bearing gases such as elemental sulfur(S₈), hydrogen sulfide, and other sulfur components, in fluids (e.g.,air, natural gas, refinery gas, and other gases; as well as water,natural gas liquids (NGLs), diesel fuel, gasoline, and other liquids).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, asilicone-based chemical filter is employed to remove sulfurcontaminants, such as elemental sulfur (S₈), hydrogen sulfide and othersulfur components, in water. In one embodiment, a silicone-basedchemical filter includes a membrane having a cross-linked silicone thatis a reaction product of an olefin and a polyhydrosiloxane.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The preferred exemplary embodiments of the present invention willhereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings,where like designations denote like elements.

FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a conventional gate resistor of a resistornetwork array.

FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the conventional gate resistor shown inFIG. 1, but which has failed due to exposure to sulfur-bearing gases.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a silicone-basedchemical filter that employs a cross-linked silicone membrane inaccordance with the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of asilicone-based chemical filter that employs a packed column filled witha packing material that includes a cross-linked silicone membrane orcoating in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a silicone-basedchemical bath that employs a silicone oil in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of making asilicone-based chemical filter that employs a cross-linked siliconemembrane (or coating) in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of using a silicone-basedchemical filter that employs a cross-linked silicone membrane (orcoating) in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of using a silicone-basedchemical bath that employs a silicone oil in accordance with the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 1. Overview

According to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, asilicone-based chemical filter is employed to remove sulfurcontaminants, such as elemental sulfur (S₈), hydrogen sulfide and othersulfur components, in water. In one embodiment, a silicone-basedchemical filter includes a membrane having a cross-linked silicone thatis a reaction product of an olefin and a polyhydrosiloxane.

2. Detailed Description

In accordance with the preferred embodiments of the present invention,silicones are used to prepare chemical filters and chemical baths forremoving sulfur contaminants. Silicones have been shown by the inventorsto have a high absorption of sulfur-bearing gases such as elementalsulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and other sulfur components in fluids (e.g.,air, natural gas, refinery gas, and other gases; as well as water,natural gas liquids (NGLs), diesel fuel, gasoline, and other liquids)while letting the other constituents in the fluids pass.

Important advantages of the present invention in the context of anexemplary application (i.e., air purification for a data center or otherfacility housing computer systems) include the following: (1) allowsremoval of sulfur-bearing gases such as elemental sulfur or hydrogensulfide from air entering the data center; (2) a filter or bath preparedfrom silicones is advantageous due to the higher absorption ofsulfur-bearing gases compared to polymers which contain a sulfurchelating molecule (i.e., once such a polymer chelates, it can no longerabsorb sulfur-bearing gases); (3) reduces corrosion failures in the datacenter; and (4) reduces warranty cost of hardware in the data center.One skilled in the art will appreciate that these and other advantagesmay extend to other applications of the present invention.

Generally, the present invention may be utilized in the context of anyapplication that involves removing sulfur contaminants in any type offluid (i.e., liquids and/or gases). For example, the present inventionmay be used in the context of removing sulfur-bearing gases in air,natural gas, refinery gas and other gases, as well as in water, naturalgas liquids (NGLs), diesel fuel, gasoline, and other liquids.

Filtering data center incoming air with a membrane containing specificfunctional groups can be an effective means to selectively removeunwanted gases from a gas stream. As utilized herein, including theclaims, the term “membrane” refers to a thin sheet of polymeric materialthat is permeable to a fluid (i.e., a liquid and/or gas) from which oneor more sulfur contaminants is/are to be removed. The rate of flow of afluid through the polymeric material is referred to herein as “flux”.

Commonly, the removal of sulfur-bearing gases using membranes isachieved by the incorporation of functional groups such as amines orphosphines. However, the concentration of the functional group iscommonly very low (typically, less than 0.1 mole percent) and willsaturate quickly, thus limiting the amount of unwanted gas that can beremoved. As the functional groups are increased in concentration, theintegrity of the membrane suffers greatly. From recent studies, theinventors have found that silicones have a very high absorption ofsulfur-bearing gases, much higher than what can be achieved by membranescontaining functional groups.

To prepare a gas separation membrane from a silicone the followingexemplary synthesis can be used: a polyhydrosiloxane (e.g.,polymethylhydrosiloxane) is cross-linked via platinum catalyzedhydrosilation with an olefin (e.g., a vinyl or allyl functionalpolysiloxane copolymer) or via other methods known to those skilled inthe art (e.g., cross-linking via radical cure using a thermal radicalinitiator). This would allow for the polymethylhydrosiloxane, which isnormally a viscous oil, to form an elastomer. The modulus of theelastomer may be increased by controlling the degree of cross-linking.In this example, the elastomer is a non-porous silicone membrane.Silicones have been shown to have very high permeabilities allowingcommon gases (O₂, N₂, CO₂, etc.) to pass while sulfur-bearing gasesabsorb, thus being removed. This mechanism is illustrated in FIG. 3,described below.

If a higher flux is desired, the non-porous silicone membrane can bemade porous by cross-linking the silicone using emulsion (two phase)chemistry. In this example, the silicone can be cross-linked using thesame chemistry as given in the above non-porous silicone membraneexample with the addition of a porogen (a pore generating material). Thesilicone would be cross-linked around the porogen, because the porogenis not soluble in the silicone. Removal of the porogen results in theformation of a pore, thus a torturous pathway within the membrane iscreated. A mechanism similar to that described above with respect to thenon-porous silicone membrane example would be achieved, but with anincreased gas flow due to the formation of pores within the membrane.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a silicone-basedchemical filter 300 that employs a cross-linked silicone membrane 302 inaccordance with the present invention. In this embodiment, thecross-linked silicone membrane 302, which may be either non-porous orporous, is supported by a porous substrate 304. One skilled in the artwill appreciate, however, that the porous substrate 304 may be omittedin lieu of making the cross-linked silicone membrane 302self-supporting.

A fluid 306 (e.g., air for a data center) having one or more sulfurcontaminants 308 (e.g., elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and othersulfur components) flows in the direction of arrow 310. The sulfurcontaminants 308 are absorbed by the cross-linked silicone membrane 302as the fluid 306 passes through the cross-linked silicone membrane 302and the porous substrate 304. Hence, the sulfur contaminants 308 areremoved from the fluid 306 by absorption into the cross-linked siliconemembrane 302. Unlike the sulfur contaminants 308, other constituents 312(e.g., O₂, N₂, CO₂, etc.) in the fluid 306 pass through the cross-linkedsilicone membrane 302 and the porous substrate 304.

In accordance with the preferred embodiments of the present invention,the cross-linked silicone membrane 302 is a reaction product of anolefin and a polyhydrosiloxane. The polyhydrosiloxane is preferablycross-linked via platinum catalyzed hydrosilation with the olefin.

As utilized herein, including the claims, the term “polyhydrosiloxane”refers to the following structure.

Generally, R is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkene group, anaryl group, or an arylene group. Suitable polyhydrosiloxanes include,but are not limited to, a polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), apolyethylhydrosiloxane, a polypropylhydrosiloxane, apolyphenylhydrosiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane methylhydrosiloxanecopolymer, and the like, as well as combinations thereof. Theseexemplary polyhdrosiloxanes are commercially available from sources suchas Gelest, Inc., Morrisville, Pa.

As utilized herein, including the claims, the term “olefin” refers to anunsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbondouble bond. Preferably, the olefin is a vinyl or allyl functionalpolysiloxane copolymer, or a vinyl or allyl functionalpolysilsesquioxane. A silsesquioxane is a compound having the empiricalchemical formula RSiO_(3/2), where R is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group,an alkene group, an aryl group, or an arylene group. Suitable vinyl orallyl functional polysiloxane copolymers include, but are not limitedto, vinyl methylsiloxane, dimethylsiloxane copolymer (trimethylterminated), vinyl diethylsiloxane dimethylsiloxane copolymer, and thelike, as well as combinations thereof. These exemplary olefins arecommercially available from sources such as Gelest, Inc., Morrisville,Pa. One skilled in the art will appreciate, however, that the olefin isnot limited to a vinyl or allyl functional polysiloxane copolymer or avinyl or allyl functional polysilsesquioxane. For example, othersuitable olefins include, but are not limited to, polysiloxanecopolymers and polysilsesquioxanes having a styrene-type functionalgroup (i.e., wherein styrene, polystyrene, or the like is a precursor).

The olefin may also be a multifunctional crosslinking agent (such agentsare sometimes termed “hyperfunctional”), such as triallyl isocyanurate(TAIC). Suitable multifunctional crosslinking agents include, but arenot limited to, triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), triallyl citrate, allylmethacrylate, allyl acrylate, divinylbenzene, diethyleneglycol divinylether, and the like, as well as combinations thereof.

As mentioned above, the polyhydrosiloxane is preferably cross-linked viaplatinum catalyzed hydrosilation with the olefin. Suitable catalysts forthis reaction include, but are not limited to, platinumdivinyltretramethyldisiloxane complex such asplatinum(0)-1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane complex solution.Such catalysts are commercially available from sources such as Gelest,Inc., Morrisville, Pa. Typically, this reaction occurs at roomtemperature to approximately 70 C.

Although the polyhydrosiloxane is preferably cross-linked with theolefin via platinum catalyzed hydrosilation, in alternative embodiments,cross-linking may be accomplished using other methods known to thoseskilled in the art. For example, the polyhydrosiloxane may becross-linked with the olefin via a thermal radical initiator, along withheat. Suitable thermal radical initiators include, but are not limitedto, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), benzoyl peroxides (BPOs) (e.g.,dibenzoylperoxide and bis(dichlorobenzoyl)peroxide), and the like.Typically, the reaction occurs at approximately 80 C using AIBN, and atapproximately 100 C using BPO.

Cross-linking may also be accomplished using a photoinitiator, alongwith a UV light source. Suitable photoinitiators include, but are notlimited to, a sulfonium salt photoinitiator (e.g., triphenylsulfoniumtriflate), an onium photoinitiator, and the like.

Preferably, the thickness of the cross-linked silicone membrane 302 iswithin the range of 0.0001 to 1 cm, more preferably, 0.05 to 0.5 cm.

As noted above, the cross-linked silicone membrane 302 is supported bythe porous substrate 304. The porous substrate 304 may be, for example,a fibrous material such as conventional air filter media. Suitableconventional air filter media include, but are not limited to, pleatedpaper, spun fiberglass, cotton, foam, and the like.

Preferably, the cross-linked silicone membrane 302 is affixed to theporous substrate 304. For example, a suitable conventional adhesive maybe used to adhere the cross-linked silicone membrane 302 to the poroussubstrate 304. Alternatively, the cross-linked silicone membrane 302 maybe directly formed on the porous substrate 304.

If a higher flux of the fluid 306 through the cross-linked siliconemembrane 302 is desired, the cross-linked silicone membrane 302 can bemade porous by cross-linking the silicone using emulsion (two phase)chemistry. The silicone in the membrane 302 can be cross-linked usingthe same cross-linking chemistry as given above (i.e., viaplatinum-catalyzed hydrosilation, via radical cure using a thermalradical initiator, or via a photoinitiator) with the addition of aporogen (i.e., a pore making material). Because the porogen is notsoluble in the silicone, the silicone is cross-linked around theporogen. Removal of the porogen results in the formation of a pore, thusa torturous pathway within the membrane is created. Porogens that can beused to create pores within a silicone membrane 302 include, but are notlimited to, ionic surfactants such as quaternary ammonium salts andalkyl amine salts, non-ionic surfactants such as glycerin fatty acidesters and sorbitan fatty acid esters, water and other surfactants knownto those skilled in the art.

The size of the pore may be controlled by the concentration of thesurfactant or the molecular size of the surfactant.

The porogen may be removed in an acidified alcoholic solution. Forexample, an ethanol:HCl (e.g., 12:1 by vol.) solution may be used toremove the porogen. Typically, the membrane is placed in this solutionfor several hours to remove the surfactant.

In embodiments where the cross-linked silicone membrane is used toremove sulfur contaminants from air and the cross-linked membrane isporous, the average pore size is preferably within a range fromapproximately 100 Å to approximately 500 Å.

Preferably, the concentration of the reaction product in thecross-linked silicone membrane 302 is within the range of 0.01 to 100 wt%. More preferably, the concentration is at the upper end of the range.At the lower end of the range, it may be desirable to incorporate thereaction product as an additive into another polymeric material. Forexample, to improve the longevity of a conventional polymer membraneincorporating functional groups such as amines or phosphines, thereaction product may be incorporated as an additive into such aconventional polymer membrane. Such a modified conventional polymermembrane would be able to absorb sulfur-bearing gases long after thefunctional groups saturate.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of asilicone-based chemical filter 400 that employs a packed column 402filled with a packing material 404 that includes a cross-linked siliconemembrane or coating in accordance with the present invention.Preferably, the packing material 404 is a conventional random-typepacking, such as Raschig rings (not shown) or other small objects coatedor modified to include a coating of the cross-linked silicone membrane.Raschig rings are pieces of tube that provide a large surface areawithin the volume of the packed column 402 for interaction with fluidflowing through the column. Typically, each of the pieces of tube hasapproximately the same length and diameter. In accordance with thepreferred embodiments of the present invention, the cross-linkedsilicone membrane is coated on the interior and/or exterior (preferablyboth) of each of the Raschig rings. Alternatively, the packing material404 may be conventional structured packing modified to include a coatingof the cross-linked silicone membrane. In either case, the coatingthickness of the cross-linked silicone membrane is preferably within therange of 0.0001 to 1 cm, more preferably, 0.05 to 0.5 cm.

The packed column 402 includes an inlet port 406 and an outlet port 408,each in fluid communication with the interior of the packed column 402.A fluid (e.g., air for a data center) having one or more sulfurcontaminants (e.g., elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and other sulfurcomponents) enters the packed column 402 at the inlet port 406 and exitsthe packed column 402 at the outlet port 408. The fluid generally flowsin the direction shown by arrows 410 (although within the packed column402, the Raschig rings randomly redirect the direction of flow). Thesulfur contaminants are absorbed by the cross-linked silicone membraneas the fluid passes through the packed column 402. Hence, the sulfurcontaminants are removed from the fluid by absorption into thecross-linked silicone membrane coated on the Raschig rings. Unlike thesulfur contaminants, other constituents (e.g., O₂, N₂, CO₂, etc.) in thefluid pass through the packed column 402 without being absorbed by thecross-linked silicone membrane coated on the Raschig rings.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that the particular configurationof the packed column 402 illustrated in FIG. 4 is exemplary and forpurposes of illustrating an embodiment of the present invention and,hence, the particular configuration illustrated therein is not limiting.

Additionally, in some applications, gas streams may be purified bypassing through a chemical bath. Commonly, the bath contains a polymerwith a pendent functional group that is specific to an unwanted gas thatis to be removed. However, this would be plagued by the lowconcentration of the functional group leading to rapid saturation. Amore facile method for sulfur removal in accordance the presentinvention is a bath containing essentially only silicone oil (e.g.,polydimethylsiloxane). Such a bath is ideal because the silicone oilrequires no solvents, has a high permeability and allows more sulfur tobe removed than possible with functional group polymer approaches.

As used herein, including the claims, the term “silicone oil” refers toa polymerized siloxane. A siloxane chain is characterized by alternatingsilicon-oxygen atoms. Other species attach to the tetravalent siliconatoms in the siloxane chain, not the divalent oxygen atoms. A typicalexample (and the most common silicone oil) is polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS), where two methyl groups attach to each silicon atom to form thefollowing structure.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a silicone-basedchemical bath 500 that employs a silicone oil 502 in accordance with thepresent invention. The silicone-based chemical bath 500 includes ahousing 504 having an inlet port 506, an outlet port 508, and a chamber510 in fluid communication with the inlet port 506 and the outlet port506. The chamber 510 contains the silicone oil 502. Suitable siliconeoils include polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS),poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylphenylsiloxane),polyphenyl-methylsiloxane, and the like, as well as combinationsthereof.

A gaseous fluid (e.g., air for a data center) having one or more sulfurcontaminants (e.g., elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and other sulfurcomponents) enters the chamber 510 through the inlet port 506 and exitsthe chamber 510 through the outlet port 508. The gaseous fluid flows inthe direction shown by arrow 512 through the inlet port 506, formsbubbles 514 and rises in the silicone oil 502, and then flows in thedirection shown by arrow 516 through the outlet port 508. The sulfurcontaminants are absorbed by the silicone oil 502 as the gaseous fluidbubbles through the silicone oil 502. Hence, the sulfur contaminants areremoved from the gaseous fluid by absorption into the silicone oil.Unlike the sulfur contaminants, other constituents (e.g., O₂, N₂, CO₂,etc.) in the gaseous fluid pass through the chamber 510 without beingabsorbed by the silicone oil 502. Preferably, the temperature of thesilicone oil 502 in the chamber 510 is approximately 25 C.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that the particular configurationof the silicone-based chemical bath 500 illustrated in FIG. 5 isexemplary and for purposes of illustrating an embodiment of the presentinvention and, hence, the particular configuration illustrated thereinis not limiting.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 600 of making asilicone-based chemical filter that employs a cross-linked siliconemembrane (or coating) in accordance with the present invention. In themethod 600, the steps discussed below (steps 605-610) are performed.These steps are set forth in their preferred order. It must beunderstood, however, that the various steps may occur simultaneously orat other times relative to one another. Moreover, those skilled in theart will appreciate that one or more steps may be omitted.

Method 600 begins by preparing a cross-linked silicone membrane orcoating by reacting an olefin and a polyhydrosiloxane (step 605). Forexample, these reagents (and, optionally, along with a porogen asdescribed below) in the form of a polymer solution may be applied onto asubstrate in step 605. The substrate may be permanent (e.g., the poroussubstrate 304 (described above with respect to FIG. 3), the packingmaterial 404 (described above with reference to FIG. 4), and the like)or may be temporary as described below. Preferably, the polymer solutionis applied in an at least partially uncured state by dipping, spraycoating, spin-coating, casting, brushing, rolling, syringe, or anysuitable deposition process. Then, the polymer solution is cured tothereby produce the cross-linked silicone membrane or coating.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, a porous cross-linked siliconemembrane or coating is desired (i.e., the cross-linked membrane orcoating will be used for a particular application that calls for aporous membrane). When a porous membrane or coating is desired, aporogen is added to the reagents in step 605. One skilled in the artwill appreciate, however, that a porogen need not be used if a porousmembrane or membrane is not desired for a particular application.

Next, the porogen (if used) is removed to create a porous cross-linkedsilicone membrane or coating (step 610). For example, step 610 mayinvolve soaking the cross-linked silicone membrane or membrane preparedin step 605 in an acidified alcohol solution for a number of hours.

Alternatively, the cross-linked silicone membrane or coating may beformed on a temporary substrate and at least partially cured, removedfrom the temporary substrate, and then applied to a porous substrate.For example, the cross-linked silicone membrane or coating may beadhered to the porous substrate using a suitable conventional adhesive.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 700 of using asilicone-based chemical filter that employs a cross-linked siliconemembrane (or coating) in accordance with the present invention. In themethod 700, the steps discussed below (steps 705-710) are performed.These steps are set forth in their preferred order. It must beunderstood, however, that the various steps may occur simultaneously orat other times relative to one another. Moreover, those skilled in theart will appreciate that one or more steps may be omitted.

Method 700 begins by providing a silicone-based chemical filter thatemploys a cross-linked silicone membrane or coating (step 705). Such afilter may, for example, include the silicone-based chemical filter 300(shown in FIG. 3) or the silicone-based chemical filter 400 (shown inFIG. 4). The method 700 continues with a fluid (e.g., air, natural gas,and other gases; as well as water, natural gas liquids (NGLs), dieselfuel, gasoline, and other liquids) being passed through (or over) thecross-linked silicone membrane (or coating) of the silicone-basedchemical filter to remove one or more sulfur contaminates from the fluid(step 710).

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of using a silicone-basedchemical bath that employs a silicone oil in accordance with the presentinvention. In the method 800, the steps discussed below (steps 805-810)are performed. These steps are set forth in their preferred order. Itmust be understood, however, that the various steps may occursimultaneously or at other times relative to one another. Moreover,those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more steps may beomitted.

Method 800 begins by providing a silicone-based chemical bath thatemploys a silicone oil (step 805). Such a bath may, for example, includethe silicone-based chemical bath 500 (shown in FIG. 5). The method 800continues with a fluid (e.g., air, natural gas, and other gases) beingpassed through the silicone oil of the silicone-based chemical bath toremove one or more sulfur contaminates from the fluid (step 810).

As noted above, a filter or bath prepared from silicones according tothe present invention is advantageous due to the higher absorption ofsulfur-bearing gases compared to conventional polymer membranes whichcontain a sulfur chelating molecule. Nonetheless, the sulfur absorptioncapability of a filter or bath prepared from silicones according to thepresent invention will diminish with time. Hence, it may be desirable toregenerate the sulfur absorption capability of the cross-linked siliconemembrane (or coating) or silicone oil. Typically, regeneration may beaccomplished though the application of heat.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations are possiblewithin the scope of the present invention. Thus, while the presentinvention has been particularly shown and described with reference tothe preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by thoseskilled in the art that these and other changes in form and detail maybe made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for removing sulfur contaminants fromwater using a silicone-based chemical filter, comprising the steps of:providing the silicone-based chemical filter in the form of across-linked silicone membrane, wherein the cross-linked siliconemembrane includes a reaction product of an olefin and apolyhydrosiloxane, and wherein the polyhydrosiloxane is cross-linked viaa platinum catalyzed hydrosilation with the olefin; passing watercontaining one or more sulfur contaminants through or over thecross-linked silicone membrane, wherein the one or more sulfurcontaminants contained in the water are absorbed by the cross-linkedsilicone membrane as the water passes through or over the cross-linkedsilicone membrane.
 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein thepolyhydrosiloxane is selected from the group consisting ofpolymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), polyethylhydrosiloxane,polypropylhydrosiloxane, polyphenylhydrosiloxane, polydimethylsiloxanemethylhydrosiloxane copolymer, and combinations thereof.
 3. The methodas recited in claim 1, wherein the cross-linked silicone membrane is aporous cross-linked silicone membrane.
 4. The method as recited in claim1, wherein the one or more sulfur contaminants contained in the waterinclude elemental sulfur (S₈).
 5. The method as recited in claim 1,wherein the water is well water.
 6. The method as recited in claim 1,wherein the step of providing the silicone-based chemical filter in theform of a cross-linked silicone membrane includes providing a packedcolumn filled with Raschig rings, wherein the cross-linked siliconemembrane is coated on the interior and/or exterior of each of theRaschig rings, and wherein the step of passing water containing one ormore sulfur contaminants through or over the cross-linked siliconemembrane includes passing the water through the packed column.
 7. Amethod for removing sulfur contaminants from water using asilicone-based chemical filter, comprising the steps of: providing thesilicone-based chemical filter in the form of a porous cross-linkedsilicone membrane, wherein the porous cross-linked silicone membraneincludes a reaction product of an olefin and a polyhydrosiloxane,wherein the polyhydrosiloxane is cross-linked via a hydrosilation withthe olefin; passing water containing one or more sulfur contaminantsthrough the porous cross-linked silicone membrane, wherein the one ormore sulfur contaminants contained in the water are absorbed by theporous cross-linked silicone membrane.
 8. The method as recited in claim7, wherein the one or more sulfur contaminants contained in the waterinclude elemental sulfur (S₈).
 9. The method as recited in claim 7,wherein the water is well water.